Upgrading from 2.2.x to 3.0.x¶
Before performing an update you should take your site offline by replacing the index.php file with a static one.
Step 1: Update your CodeIgniter files¶
Replace all files and directories in your system/ directory and replace your index.php file. If any modifications were made to your index.php they will need to be made fresh in this new one.
Important
You have to delete the old system/ directory first and then put the new one in its place. A simple copy-paste may cause issues.
Note
If you have any custom developed files in these folders please make copies of them first.
Step 2: Update your classes file names¶
Starting with CodeIgniter 3.0, all class filenames (libraries, drivers, controllers and models) must be named in a Ucfirst-like manner or in other words - they must start with a capital letter.
For example, if you have the following library file:
application/libraries/mylibrary.php
… then you’ll have to rename it to:
application/libraries/Mylibrary.php
The same goes for driver libraries and extensions and/or overrides of CodeIgniter’s own libraries and core classes.
application/libraries/MY_email.php application/core/MY_log.php
The above files should respectively be renamed to the following:
application/libraries/MY_Email.php application/core/MY_Log.php
Controllers:
application/controllers/welcome.php -> application/controllers/Welcome.php
Models:
application/models/misc_model.php -> application/models/Misc_model.php
Please note that this DOES NOT affect directories, configuration files, views, helpers, hooks and anything else - it is only applied to classes.
You must now follow just one simple rule - class names in Ucfirst and everything else in lowercase.
Step 3: Replace config/mimes.php¶
This config file has been updated to contain more user mime-types, please copy it to application/config/mimes.php.
Step 4: Remove $autoload[‘core’] from your config/autoload.php¶
Use of the $autoload['core']
config array has been deprecated as of CodeIgniter 1.4.1 and is now removed.
Move any entries that you might have listed there to $autoload['libraries']
instead.
Step 5: Move your Log class overrides or extensions¶
The Log Class is considered as a “core” class and is now located in the system/core/ directory. Therefore, in order for your Log class overrides or extensions to work, you need to move them to application/core/:
application/libraries/Log.php -> application/core/Log.php application/libraries/MY_Log.php -> application/core/MY_Log.php
Step 6: Update your Session library usage¶
The Session Library has been completely re-written in CodeIgniter 3 and now comes with a bunch of new features, but that also means that there are changes that you should make …
Most notably, the library now uses separate storage drivers instead of always relying on (encrypted) cookies. In fact, cookies as storage have now been removed and you must always use some kind of server-side storage engine, with the file-system being the default option.
The Session Class now utilizes PHP’s own mechanisms for building custom
session handlers, which also means that your session data is now
accessible via the $_SESSION
superglobal (though, we’ve kept the
possibility to use it as “userdata”, like you’ve done until now).
A few configuration options have been removed and a few have been added. You should really read the whole Session library manual for the details, but here’s a short list of changes that you should make:
Set your
$config['sess_driver']
valueIt will default to ‘files’, unless you’ve previously used
$config['sess_use_database']
, in which case it will be set to ‘database’.Set a
$config['sess_save_path']
valueFor the ‘database’ driver, a fallback to
$config['sess_table_name']
is in place, but otherwise requires you to read the manual for the specific driver of your choice.Update your
ci_sessions
table (‘database’ driver only)The table structure has changed a bit, and more specifically:
session_id
field is renamed toid
user_agent
field is droppeduser_data
field is renamed todata
and under MySQL is now of type BLOBlast_activity
field is renamed totimestamp
This is accompanied by a slight change in the table indexes too, so please read the manual about the Session Database Driver for more information.
Important
Only MySQL and PostgreSQL are officially supported now. Other databases may still work, but due to lack of advisory locking features, they are unsafe for concurrent requests and you should consider using another driver instead.
Remove
$config['sess_match_useragent']
The user-agent string is input supplied by the user’s browser, or in other words: client side input. As such, it is an ineffective feature and hence why it has been removed.
Remove
$config['sess_encrypt_cookie']
As already noted, the library no longer uses cookies as a storage mechanism, which renders this option useless.
Remove
$config['sess_expire_on_close']
This option is still usable, but only for backwards compatibility purposes and it should be otherwise removed. The same effect is achieved by setting
$config['sess_expiration']
to 0.Check “flashdata” for collisions with “userdata”
Flashdata is now just regular “userdata”, only marked for deletion on the next request. In other words: you can’t have both “userdata” and “flashdata” with the same name, because it’s the same thing.
Check usage of session metadata
Previously, you could access the ‘session_id’, ‘ip_address’, ‘user_agent’ and ‘last_activity’ metadata items as userdata. This is no longer possible, and you should read the notes about Session Metadata if your application relies on those values.
Check
unset_userdata()
usagePreviously, this method used to accept an associative array of
'key' => 'dummy value'
pairs for unsetting multiple keys. That however makes no sense and you now have to pass only the keys, as the elements of an array.// Old $this->session->unset_userdata(array('item' => '', 'item2' => '')); // New $this->session->unset_userdata(array('item', 'item2'));
Finally, if you have written a Session extension, you must now move it to the application/libraries/Session/ directory, although chances are that it will now also have to be re-factored.
Step 7: Update your config/database.php¶
Due to 3.0.0’s renaming of Active Record to Query Builder, inside your
config/database.php, you will need to rename the $active_record
variable to $query_builder
:
$active_group = 'default';
// $active_record = TRUE;
$query_builder = TRUE;
Step 8: Replace your error templates¶
In CodeIgniter 3.0, the error templates are now considered as views and have been moved to the application/views/errors directory.
Furthermore, we’ve added support for CLI error templates in plain-text format that unlike HTML, is suitable for the command line. This of course requires another level of separation.
It is safe to move your old templates from application/errors to application/views/errors/html, but you’ll have to copy the new application/views/errors/cli directory from the CodeIgniter archive.
Step 9: Update your config/routes.php file¶
Routes containing :any¶
Historically, CodeIgniter has always provided the :any wildcard in routing, with the intention of providing a way to match any character within an URI segment.
However, the :any wildcard is actually just an alias for a regular expression and used to be executed in that manner as .+. This is considered a bug, as it also matches the / (forward slash) character, which is the URI segment delimiter and that was never the intention.
In CodeIgniter 3, the :any wildcard will now represent [^/]+, so that it will not match a forward slash.
There are certainly many developers that have utilized this bug as an actual feature. If you’re one of them and want to match a forward slash, please use the .+ regular expression:
(.+) // matches ANYTHING
(:any) // matches any character, except for '/'
Directories and ‘default_controller’, ‘404_override’¶
As you should know, the $route['default_controller']
and
$route['404_override']
settings accept not only a controller name, but
also controller/method pairs. However, a bug in the routing logic has
made it possible for some users to use that as directory/controller
instead.
As already said, this behavior was incidental and was never intended, nor documented. If you’ve relied on it, your application will break with CodeIgniter 3.0.
Another notable change in version 3 is that ‘default_controller’ and ‘404_override’ are now applied per directory. To explain what this means, let’s take the following example:
$route['default_controller'] = 'main';
Now, assuming that your website is located at example.com, you already
know that if a user visits http://example.com/
, the above setting will
cause your ‘Main’ controller to be loaded.
However, what happens if you have an application/controllers/admin/
directory and the user visits http://example.com/admin/
?
In CodeIgniter 3, the router will look for a ‘Main’ controller under the
admin/ directory as well. If not found, a Not Found (404) will be triggered.
The same rule applies to the ‘404_override’ setting.
Step 10: Many functions now return NULL instead of FALSE on missing items¶
Many methods and functions now return NULL instead of FALSE when the required items don’t exist:
- Common functions
- config_item()
- Config Class
- config->item()
- config->slash_item()
- Input Class
- input->get()
- input->post()
- input->get_post()
- input->cookie()
- input->server()
- input->input_stream()
- input->get_request_header()
- Session Class
- session->userdata()
- session->flashdata()
- URI Class
- uri->segment()
- uri->rsegment()
- Array Helper
- element()
- elements()
Step 11: Usage of XSS filtering¶
Many functions in CodeIgniter allow you to use its XSS filtering feature
on demand by passing a boolean parameter. The default value of that
parameter used to be boolean FALSE, but it is now changed to NULL and it
will be dynamically determined by your $config['global_xss_filtering']
value.
If you used to manually pass a boolean value for the $xss_filter
parameter or if you’ve always had $config['global_xss_filtering']
set
to FALSE, then this change doesn’t concern you.
Otherwise however, please review your usage of the following functions:
- Input Library
- input->get()
- input->post()
- input->get_post()
- input->cookie()
- input->server()
- input->input_stream()
- Cookie Helper
get_cookie()
Important
Another related change is that the $_GET
, $_POST
,
$_COOKIE
and $_SERVER
superglobals are no longer
automatically overwritten when global XSS filtering is turned on.
Step 12: Check for potential XSS issues with URIs¶
The URI Library used to automatically convert a certain set of “programmatic characters” to HTML entities when they are encountered in a URI segment.
This was aimed at providing some automatic XSS protection, in addition
to the $config['permitted_uri_chars']
setting, but has proven to be
problematic and is now removed in CodeIgniter 3.0.
If your application has relied on this feature, you should update it to
filter URI segments through $this->security->xss_clean()
whenever you
output them.
Step 13: Check for usage of the ‘xss_clean’ Form validation rule¶
A largely unknown rule about XSS cleaning is that it should only be applied to output, as opposed to input data.
We’ve made that mistake ourselves with our automatic and global XSS cleaning feature (see previous step about XSS above), so now in an effort to discourage that practice, we’re also removing ‘xss_clean’ from the officially supported list of form validation rules.
Because the Form Validation library generally validates input data, the ‘xss_clean’ rule simply doesn’t belong in it.
If you really, really need to apply that rule, you should now also load the
Security Helper, which contains
xss_clean()
as a regular function and therefore can be also used as
a validation rule.
Step 14: Update usage of Input Class’s get_post() method¶
Previously, the Input Class method get_post()
was searching first in POST data, then in GET data. This method has been
modified so that it searches in GET then in POST, as its name suggests.
A method has been added, post_get()
, which searches in POST then in GET, as
get_post()
was doing before.
Step 15: Update usage of Directory Helper’s directory_map() function¶
In the resulting array, directories now end with a trailing directory separator (i.e. a slash, usually).
Step 16: Update usage of Database Forge’s drop_table() method¶
Up until now, drop_table()
added an IF EXISTS clause by default or it didn’t work
at all with some drivers. In CodeIgniter 3.0, the IF EXISTS condition is no longer added
by default and has an optional second parameter that allows that instead and is set to
FALSE by default.
If your application relies on IF EXISTS, you’ll have to change its usage.
// Now produces just DROP TABLE `table_name`
$this->dbforge->drop_table('table_name');
// Produces DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `table_name`
$this->dbforge->drop_table('table_name', TRUE);
Note
The given example uses MySQL-specific syntax, but it should work across all drivers with the exception of ODBC.
Step 17: Change usage of Email library with multiple emails¶
The Email Library will automatically clear the
set parameters after successfully sending emails. To override this behaviour,
pass FALSE as the first parameter in the send()
method:
if ($this->email->send(FALSE))
{
// Parameters won't be cleared
}
Step 18: Update your Form_validation language lines¶
Two improvements have been made to the Form Validation Library’s language files and error messages format:
Language Library line keys now must be prefixed with form_validation_ in order to avoid collisions:
// Old $lang['rule'] = ... // New $lang['form_validation_rule'] = ...The error messages format has been changed to use named parameters, to allow more flexibility than what sprintf() offers:
// Old 'The %s field does not match the %s field.' // New 'The {field} field does not match the {param} field.'
Note
The old formatting still works, but the non-prefixed line keys are DEPRECATED and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+. Therefore you’re encouraged to update its usage sooner rather than later.
Step 19: Make sure your ‘base_url’ config value is not empty¶
When $config['base_url']
is not set, CodeIgniter tries to automatically
detect what your website’s base URL is. This is done purely for convenience
when you are starting development of a new application.
Auto-detection is never reliable and also has security implications, which is why you should always have it manually configured!
One of the changes in CodeIgniter 3.0.3 is how this auto-detection works, and more specifically it now falls back to the server’s IP address instead of the hostname requested by the client. Therefore, if you’ve ever relied on auto-detection, it will change how your website works now.
In case you need to allow e.g. multiple domains, or both http:// and https:// prefixes to be dynamically used depending on the request, remember that application/config/config.php is still a PHP script, in which you can create this logic with a few lines of code. For example:
$allowed_domains = array('domain1.tld', 'domain2.tld');
$default_domain = 'domain1.tld';
if (in_array($_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'], $allowed_domains, TRUE))
{
$domain = $_SERVER['HTTP_HOST'];
}
else
{
$domain = $default_domain;
}
if ( ! empty($_SERVER['HTTPS']))
{
$config['base_url'] = 'https://'.$domain;
}
else
{
$config['base_url'] = 'http://'.$domain;
}
Step 20: Remove usage of (previously) deprecated functionalities¶
In addition to the $autoload['core']
configuration setting, there’s a
number of other functionalities that have been removed in CodeIgniter 3.0.0:
The SHA1 library¶
The previously deprecated SHA1 library has been removed, alter your code to use PHP’s native
sha1()
function to generate a SHA1 hash.
Additionally, the sha1()
method in the Encrypt Library has been removed.
The EXT constant¶
Usage of the EXT
constant has been deprecated since dropping support for PHP 4. There’s no
longer a need to maintain different filename extensions and in this new CodeIgniter version,
the EXT
constant has been removed. Use just ‘.php’ instead.
Smiley helper¶
The Smiley Helper is a legacy feature from EllisLab’s ExpressionEngine product. However, it is too specific for a general purpose framework like CodeIgniter and as such it is now deprecated.
Also, the previously deprecated js_insert_smiley()
(since version 1.7.2) is now removed.
The Encrypt library¶
Following numerous vulnerability reports, the Encrypt Library has been deprecated and a new, Encryption Library is added to take its place.
The new library requires either the MCrypt extension (and /dev/urandom availability) or PHP 5.3.3 and the OpenSSL extension. While this might be rather inconvenient, it is a requirement that allows us to have properly implemented cryptographic functions.
Note
The Encrypt Library is still available for the purpose of keeping backwards compatibility.
Important
You are strongly encouraged to switch to the new Encryption Library as soon as possible!
The Cart library¶
The Cart Library, similarly to the Smiley Helper is too specific for CodeIgniter. It is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
The library is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Database drivers ‘mysql’, ‘sqlite’, ‘mssql’, ‘pdo/dblib’¶
The mysql driver utilizes the old ‘mysql’ PHP extension, known for its aging code base and many low-level problems. The extension is deprecated as of PHP 5.5 and CodeIgniter deprecates it in version 3.0, switching the default configured MySQL driver to mysqli.
Please use either the ‘mysqli’ or ‘pdo/mysql’ drivers for MySQL. The old ‘mysql’ driver will be removed at some point in the future.
The sqlite, mssql and pdo/dblib (also known as pdo/mssql or pdo/sybase) drivers all depend on PHP extensions that for different reasons no longer exist since PHP 5.3.
Therefore we are now deprecating these drivers as we will have to remove them in one of the next CodeIgniter versions. You should use the more advanced, sqlite3, sqlsrv or pdo/sqlsrv drivers respectively.
Note
These drivers are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to switch to other ones sooner rather than later.
Security helper do_hash()¶
Security Helper function do_hash()
is now just an alias for
PHP’s native hash()
function. It is deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
The $config[‘global_xss_filtering’] setting¶
As already explained above, XSS filtering should not be done on input data,
but on output instead. Therefore, the $config['global_xss_filtering']
,
which automatically filters input data, is considered a bad practice and
is now deprecated.
Instead, you should manually escape any user-provided data via the
xss_clean()
function when you need to output it, or use a
library like HTML Purifier that does that
for you.
Note
The setting is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
File helper read_file()¶
File Helper function read_file()
is now just an alias for
PHP’s native file_get_contents()
function. It is deprecated and scheduled for removal in
CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
String helper repeater()¶
String Helper function repeater()
is now just an alias for
PHP’s native str_repeat()
function. It is deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
String helper trim_slashes()¶
String Helper function trim_slashes()
is now just an alias
for PHP’s native trim()
function (with a slash passed as its second argument). It is deprecated and
scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Form helper form_prep()¶
Form Helper function form_prep()
is now just an alias for common function
html_escape()
. It is deprecated and will be removed in the future.
Please use html_escape()
instead.
Note
This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Email helper functions¶
Email Helper only has two functions
Both of them are now aliases for PHP’s native filter_var()
and mail()
functions, respectively.
Therefore the Email Helper altogether is being deprecated and
is scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
These functions are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage sooner rather than later.
Date helper standard_date()¶
Date Helper function standard_date()
is being deprecated due
to the availability of native PHP constants,
which when combined with date()
provide the same functionality. Furthermore, they have the
exact same names as the ones supported by standard_date()
. Here are examples of how to replace
its usage:
// Old way
standard_date(); // defaults to standard_date('DATE_RFC822', now());
// Replacement
date(DATE_RFC822, now());
// Old way
standard_date('DATE_ATOM', $time);
// Replacement
date(DATE_ATOM, $time);
Note
This function is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later as it is scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
HTML helpers nbs(), br()¶
HTML Helper functions nbs()
and br()
are just aliases
for the native str_repeat()
function used with
and <br >
respectively.
Because there’s no point in just aliasing native PHP functions, they are now deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
These functions are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage sooner rather than later.
Pagination library ‘anchor_class’ setting¶
The Pagination Library now supports adding pretty much any HTML attribute to your anchors via the ‘attributes’ configuration setting. This includes passing the ‘class’ attribute and using the separate ‘anchor_class’ setting no longer makes sense. As a result of that, the ‘anchor_class’ setting is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This setting is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
String helper random_string() types ‘unique’ and ‘encrypt’¶
When using the String Helper function random_string()
,
you should no longer pass the unique and encrypt randomization types. They are only
aliases for md5 and sha1 respectively and are now deprecated and scheduled for removal
in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
These options are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage sooner rather than later.
URL helper url_title() separators ‘dash’ and ‘underscore’¶
When using the URL Helper function url_title()
, you
should no longer pass dash or underscore as the word separator. This function will
now accept any character and you should just pass the chosen character directly, so you
should write ‘-’ instead of ‘dash’ and ‘_’ instead of ‘underscore’.
dash and underscore now act as aliases and are deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
These options are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage sooner rather than later.
Session Library method all_userdata()¶
As seen in the Change Log, Session Library
method userdata()
now allows you to fetch all userdata by simply omitting its parameter:
$this->session->userdata();
This makes the all_userdata()
method redudant and therefore it is now just an alias for
userdata()
with the above shown usage and is being deprecated and scheduled for removal
in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Database Forge method add_column() with an AFTER clause¶
If you have used the third parameter for Database Forge method
add_column()
to add a field for an AFTER clause, then you should change its usage.
That third parameter has been deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
You should now put AFTER clause field names in the field definition array instead:
// Old usage:
$field = array(
'new_field' => array('type' => 'TEXT')
);
$this->dbforge->add_column('table_name', $field, 'another_field');
// New usage:
$field = array(
'new_field' => array('type' => 'TEXT', 'after' => 'another_field')
);
$this->dbforge->add_column('table_name', $field);
Note
The parameter is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Note
This is for MySQL and CUBRID databases only! Other drivers don’t support this clause and will silently ignore it.
URI Routing methods fetch_directory(), fetch_class(), fetch_method()¶
With properties CI_Router::$directory
, CI_Router::$class
and CI_Router::$method
being public and their respective fetch_*()
no longer doing anything else to just return
the properties - it doesn’t make sense to keep them.
Those are all internal, undocumented methods, but we’ve opted to deprecate them for now in order to maintain backwards-compatibility just in case. If some of you have utilized them, then you can now just access the properties instead:
$this->router->directory;
$this->router->class;
$this->router->method;
Note
Those methods are still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove their usage sooner rather than later.
Input library method is_cli_request()¶
Calls to the CI_Input::is_cli_request()
method are necessary at many places
in the CodeIgniter internals and this is often before the Input Library is loaded. Because of that, it is being replaced by a common
function named is_cli()
and this method is now just an alias.
The new function is both available at all times for you to use and shorter to type.
// Old
$this->input->is_cli_request();
// New
is_cli();
CI_Input::is_cli_request()
is now now deprecated and scheduled for removal in
CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Config library method system_url()¶
Usage of CI_Config::system_url()
encourages insecure coding practices.
Namely, your CodeIgniter system/ directory shouldn’t be publicly accessible
from a security point of view.
Because of this, this method is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
The Javascript library¶
The Javascript Library has always had an ‘experimental’ status and was never really useful, nor a proper solution.
It is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in CodeIgniter 3.1+.
Note
This library is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Form Validation method prep_for_form()¶
The Form Validation Library has a
prep_for_form()
method, which is/can also be used as a rule in
set_rules()
to automatically perform HTML encoding on input data.
Automatically encoding input (instead of output) data is a bad practice in the first place, and CodeIgniter and PHP itself offer other alternatives to this method anyway. For example, Form Helper functions will automatically perform HTML escaping when necessary.
Therefore, the prep_for_form method/rule is pretty much useless and is now deprecated and scheduled for removal in 3.1+.
Note
The method is still available, but you’re strongly encouraged to remove its usage sooner rather than later.
Step 21: Check your usage of Text helper highlight_phrase()¶
The default HTML tag used by Text Helper function
highlight_phrase()
has been changed from <strong>
to the new HTML5
tag <mark>
.
Unless you’ve used your own highlighting tags, this might cause trouble for your visitors who use older web browsers such as Internet Explorer 8. We therefore suggest that you add the following code to your CSS files in order to avoid backwards compatibility with old browsers:
mark {
background: #ff0;
color: #000;
};